The concept of karma appears in the Upanishads and is foundational in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
- Hinduism: Karma governs the cycle of rebirth (Saṃsāra). Actions aligned with dharma (righteousness) purify the soul, while selfish acts create bondage.
- Buddhism: Karma is intentional action (cetana) that leads to consequences across lifetimes. Liberation arises when craving and ignorance — the roots of karma — are dissolved.
- Jainism: Karma is described as a subtle matter that binds the soul until purified through discipline and non-violence.
